New Pequot War Articles at ConnecticutHistory.org! The consequences were that the tribe either fled, died or were sold to slavery. Definition: The war between the people of Plymout in alliance with the settlers of Massachusetts Bay and with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. "'Why Should You Be So Furious? Now their friend Roger Williams urged the Narragansetts to side with the English against the Pequots. The English victory in the Pequot War effectively removed Native American opposition to the further settlement of Connecticut. [Cave, "The Pequot War", p.2.] A more solid and cordial English-Indian alliance was quickly forged with the Mohegans, really a Pequot splinter group whose leader, Uncas, desired to unseat Sassacus, the feared and mighty sachem of the Pequots proper. The facts enumerated above are well documented, but the causes of the war and the reasons for the Puritans' brutal treatment of noncomba­ tants as well as warriors remain obscure and controversial. Before the war's inception, efforts to control fur trade access resulted in a series of escalating incidents and attacks that increased tensions on both sides. The causes of this were somewhat childish. As tensions grew among all parties, the murder of trader John Oldham in July 1636 by the Manisses of Block Island resulted in a military response by the English of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. "[35], Frank Speck, "Native Tribes and Dialects of Connecticut: A Monhigg-Pequot Diary,", See Carrol Alton Means, "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships, as Indicated by the Events Leading to the Pequot Massacre of 1637 and Subsequent Claims in the Mohegan Land Controversy,", For archaeological investigations disproving Hubbard's theory of origin, see Irving Rouse, "Ceramic Traditions and Sequences in Connecticut,", See Alfred W. Crosby, "Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America,". In the 1630s, the Connecticut River Valley was in turmoil. Gardiner and Thomas Stanton speak with Pequot … Grandjean, Katherine A. The Massachusetts Bay militia burned the villages to the ground. Discuss the issues and causes of the pequot war the. At the end, about 700 Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity. However, the Mohawk instead murdered him and his bodyguard, afterwards sending his head and hands to Hartford (for reasons which were never made clear). Some historic sources suggest that Pequot territory extended 4 to 5 miles east of the Pawcatuck River to an area called Weekapaug in Charlestown, Rhode Island. 2. The Pequots lost the war. School Dakota Ridge Senior High School; Course Title HISTORY 12334; Type. "Puritans and Pequots: The Question of Genocide,", Hauptman, Laurence M. "The Pequot War and Its Legacies," in, Hirsch, Adam J. The Dutch and the English from Western Europe were also striving to extend the reach of their trade into the North American interior to achieve dominance in the lush, fertile region. The Pequot aggressively extended their area of control at the expense of the Wampanoag to the north, the Narragansett to the east, the Connecticut River Valley Algonquian tribes and the Mohegan to the west, and the Lenape Algonquian people of Long Island to the south. The primary cause of the Pequot War was the struggle to control trade. Pequot War History Quiz now play this via selecting your answer on What caused the war?. “Battlefields of the Pequot War,” 2016. It depended a lot on reciprocity and civilians could not be harmed The cause of the outbreak of hostilities, the reasons for the Puritan's hatred of the Pequot, and the ways in which Puritans chose to deal with and shortly thereafter write about the Pequot, have begun to be re-explored. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. diss., University of Connecticut, 1984). Uploaded By breed1866. Simmering tensions with the New England Colonies led to the Pequot War of 1634–1638, which dramatically reduced the population and influence of the Pequots; many members were killed, enslaved, or dispersed. Browse. In August, Governor Vane sent John Endecott to exact revenge on the Indians of Block Island. Pequot War (1636-1637) Though the major engagements of the Pequot War took place within a two-year span, the conflict had much earlier roots. Few American-history texts mention or discuss the Pequot War of 1636-37 between the Puritans and the Pequot Indians of Connecticut. The History of the Pequot War A Volatile Situation. 1. This action, led by Captain John Endicott, sparked a cycle of escalating retaliation—and signaled the start of what is now known as the Pequot War, a Euro-centric interpretation of a conflict that was as much Native vs. The Pequot War was an armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1638 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. Sassacus and his followers had hoped to gain refuge among the Mohawk in present-day New York. New World Tempests: Environment, Scarcity, and the Coming of the Pequot War. Definition: The war between the people of Plymout in alliance with the settlers of Massachusetts Bay and with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) against the Pequot tribe. Learn more about the programs of CT Humanities! Puritans viewed the Pequots as obstacles to expansion and threats to the success of their holy experiment in the wilderness. Pequot War in Perspective The roots of the Pequot War can be traced to Puritan land hunger, a negative view of Native culture, the Puritan sense of mission, preconceptions, and misperceptions. Click to see full answer. [10]) In the earlier incident, Tatobem had boarded a Dutch vessel to trade. Before the war's inception, efforts to control fur trade access resulted in a series of escalating incidents and attacks that increased tensions on both sides. "Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley" (Ph.D. The Narragansetts and Mohegans willing­ly joined with the settlers in the war against the Pequots. The murders of English traders are often cited as the cause for the Pequot War; however, these deaths were the culmination of decades of tension between Native tribes further stressed by the arrival of the Dutch and English. “The reason why the Pequots desired so much our friendship,” Winthrop continued, “was because they were now in war with the Narragansetts whom till this year they had kept under [their control], and likewise with the Dutch who had killed their old sachem and some other of their men, for that the Pequots had killed some Indians who came to trade with the Dutch at Connecticut; and … Endecott's party of roughly 90 men sailed to Block Island and attacked two apparently abandoned Niantic villages. The Narragansetts had warred with and lost territory to the Pequots in 1622. "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves,", Cave, Alfred A. The colonists attributed their victory over the hostile Pequot tribe to an act of God: Let the whole Earth be filled with his glory! Sassacus led roughly 400 warriors along the coast; when they crossed the Connecticut River, the Pequots killed three men whom they encountered near Fort Saybrook. The Pequot War was fought between the Pequot Indians and English colonists of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and Plymouth colonies. Although the Pequot provided several … [9] (Contemporaneous accounts claim that the Pequots knew Stone to be English. The war’s proximate cause was Plymouth Colony’s execution in June 1675 of three of Philip’s warriors. [1] What is the Pequot war? By the end of the war, the Native population in New England was reduced by half. February 22, 1637 Pequot forces ambush Lt. Gardiner, nine soldiers and two dogs of war on Saybrook Neck. About 200 Pequots survived the war; they finally gave up and submitted themselves under the authority of the sachem of the Mohegans or Narragansetts:[27]:18[28], There were then given to Onkos, Sachem of Monheag, Eighty; to Myan Tonimo, Sachem of Narragansett, Eighty; and to Nynigrett, Twenty, when he should satisfy for a Mare of Edward Pomroye's killed by his Men. With the arrival of English traders and settlers in the Connecticut River Valley in the early 1630s, the balance shifted, resulting in conflict and intense competition for power as tribes wrested themselves from Pequot subjugation. Segal, Charles M. and David C. Stineback, eds. English efforts were to break the Dutch-Pequot control of the fur and wampum trade, while the Pequot attempted to maintain their political and economic dominance in the region. Although the colonists claimed the war started in retaliation for the deaths of fellow colonists, the causes of the conflict were rooted in more complex issues, namely disputes between colonists and Native tribes over land and domination of trade. In both its degree of violence and its covetous motivation, this conflict set the pattern of Anglo-Native American relations through 1890. The consequences were that the tribe either fled, died or were sold to slavery. Battles in the war began in 1636 and continued until the Treaty of Hartford was signed in 1638. After some discussion, Endecott concluded that the Pequots were stalling and attacked, but most escaped into the woods. The Pequot War was an armed conflict between 1634 and 1638 between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes). The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut. The Pequot War was an armed conflict between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) which occurred between 1634 and 1638. Tensions grew as the Massachusetts Bay Colony became a stronghold for wampum production, which the Narragansetts and Pequots had controlled up until the mid-1630s. (2011). The causes of the Pequot war is that both the dutch-Pequot and the English wanted control of the fur trade. In the 17th century the Pequot tribe, rival of the Narragansett, was centered along the Thames River in present-day southeast Connecticut. The Western Niantic (Nehantic) joined them, but the Eastern Niantic (Nehantic) remained neutral. Module 7 Short Responses – Question 6 How has your understanding of the historical event in your essay changed as a … Pequot War (1636-1637) Though the major engagements of the Pequot War took place within a two-year span, the conflict had much earlier roots. Today, this area includes the towns of Groton, Ledyard, Stonington, and North Stonington, as well as southern portions of Preston and Griswold. "'A meanes to knitt them togeather': The Exchange of Body Parts in the Pequot War. Discuss the issues and causes of the Pequot War The Pequot War was caused by. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequots. March 9, 1637 Pequot advance on Saybrook Fort and Parley with Lt. Gardiner. The colonies were new at the time, the original settlements having been founded in the 1620s. Foremost, a closer look at Pequot people and their dawn of settlement are analyzed in order to understand more insightful about the Pequot war. They aggressively tried to convert the Pequot to the Puritan faith. The peace ended between the Dutch and Pequots when the Pequots assaulted a tribe of Indians who had tried to trade in the area of Hartford. In May, leaders of Connecticut river towns met in Hartford, raised a militia, and placed Captain John Mason in command. [27]:20, This was the first instance wherein Algonquian peoples of southern New England encountered European-style warfare. Contributed by staff for the Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center’s Battlefields of the Pequot War project. Pages 27 Ratings 88% (8) 7 out of 8 people found this document helpful; This preview shows page 13 - 15 out of 27 pages. (They were daughters of William Swaine and were later ransomed by Dutch traders. John Mason's justification for burning the fort in. Underhill and Mason then sailed from Fort Saybrook to Narragansett Bay, a tactic intended to mislead Pequot spies along the shoreline into thinking that the English were not intending an attack. [29] The Colonies essentially declared the Pequots extinct by prohibiting them from using the name any longer. The Causes of the War of 1637 Alden T. Vaughan * HE war of i637 between the Puritans and the Pequot Indians was one of the most dramatic episodes in early New England history, possessing an intensity and a significance deserving of far more attention than it … Communities of 50 to 400 people resided in 15 to 20 villages located along Long Island Sound and the estuaries of the Thames, Mystic, and Pawcatuck Rivers. Start studying Pequot War. The main group of Native Americans involved in the conflict was the Pequot tribe. Pequot bowl, trade item, 17th century. Hundreds were killed; hundreds of prisoners sold into slavery to the West Indies.1 Other survivors were dispersed. Native as it was English vs. The Violence of the Pequot War Ronald Dale Karr As dawn broke on the morning of May 26, 1637, English troops from the colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay, aided by Indian allies, launched an attack on a fortified Pequot village in what now is West Mystic, Connecticut. He and several of his crew were killed and his ship was looted by Narragansett-allied Indians who sought to discourage settlers from trading with their Pequot rivals. After years of confrontations over land, trade, and livestock, the Connecticut Colony formally declared war on the Pequot and their allies on May 1, 1637.At the time of the war, the Pequot resided in what is now southeastern Connecticut. The English Puritan settlements had begun expanding into the Connecticut River Valley. The Pequots lost the war. Most modern historians do not debate questions of the outcome of the battle or its chronology, such as Alfred A. Cave, a specialist in the ethnohistory of colonial America. "[34] Alden T. Vaughan writes that the Pequots were not "solely or even primarily responsible" for the war. [3], The Pequot people and their traditional enemies the Mohegan were at one time a single sociopolitical entity. The Thames and Pawcatuck Rivers formed the western and eastern boundaries, Long Island Sound the southern boundary, and Preston and Griswold the northern boundary. The Pequot War was an armed conflict between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the English colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes) which occurred between 1634 and 1638. By 1635, the Pequot extended their political and economic ties through a tributary confederacy using coercion, warfare, diplomacy, and intermarriage. The only major problem with expanding the settlement was the Pequot Indians. The consequences were that the tribe either fled, died or were sold to slavery. Dec 12, 2012 - The outbreak of the Pequot War (1636-37) is best understood through an examination of the cultural, political, and economic changes that occurred after the )[18][19][20] In all, the towns lost about thirty settlers. Before the war formally began, efforts to control fur trade access resulted in a series of escalating incidents and attacks and increased tensions on both sides. They had been tried and found guilty of murdering John Sassamon, a Harvard -educated “praying Indian” convert to Puritanism who had served as an interpreter and advisor to Philip but whom Philip had accused of spying for the colonists. The name Pequot is a Mohegan term, the meaning of which has been disputed among Algonquian-language specialists. See also "Mystic Massacre", Fickes, Michael L. "'They Could Not Endure That Yoke': The Captivity of Pequot Women and Children after the War of 1637,", Freeman, Michael. The causes of the Pequot war is that both the dutch-Pequot and the English wanted control of the fur trade. Most recent sources claim that "Pequot" comes from Paquatauoq (the destroyers), relying on the theories of Frank Speck, an early 20th-century anthropologist and specialist of the Pequot-Mohegan language in the 1920s–1930s. In 1637 an uprising began against the increasing English control in the area. [30] Honor and monetary reimbursement was given to those who brought back heads and scalps of Pequots. The ensuing conflagration trapped the majority of the Pequots; those who managed to escape the fire were slain by the soldiers and warriors who surrounded the fort. As spring arrived in 1637, the Pequots stepped up their raids on Connecticut towns. Stone was from the West Indies and had been banished from Boston for malfeasance, including drunkenness, adultery, and piracy. Oldham had a reputation as a trouble maker and had been exiled from Plymouth Colony shortly before the incident on Block Island. Michelson, Truman D. "Notes on Algonquian Language,". Module 7 Short Responses – Question 6 How has your understanding of the historical event in your essay changed as a result of your research? "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships, as Indicated by the Events Leading to the Pequot Massacre of 1637 and Subsequent Claims in the Mohegan Land Controversy,". [8] According to the Pequots' later explanations, they murdered him in reprisal for the Dutch murdering the principal Pequot sachem Tatobem, and they claimed to be unaware that Stone was English and not Dutch. This created a potentially volatile situation. The Cause And Effects Of The Pequot War. The First Powhatan War was fought 1609 to 1614. The Pequot War The Pequot were a powerful tribe in what is now Connecticut prior to the arrival of the English settlers. ': The Violence of the Pequot War,", Katz, Steven T. "The Pequot War Reconsidered,", ______. [7], Adding to the tensions, John Stone and seven of his crew were murdered in 1634 by the Niantics, Western tributary clients of the Pequots. Their popular history took issue with events and whether John Mason and John Underhill wrote the accounts that appeared under their names. Pre-Colonization and Settlement Up Through 1763, Benedict Arnold Turns and Burns New London, East Haven was Home to Connecticut’s First Iron Works, Connecticut Declares War Against the Pequot – Today in History: May 1, Gideon Welles’s Role in Lincoln’s Cabinet, An Orderly & Decent Government: Significant Events & Developments, 1776-1818, Oystering in Connecticut, from Colonial Times to the 21st Century, Connecticut Lawyer Prosecutes Nazi War Criminals at Nuremberg, “Appalling Calamity”: Loss of the Steamboat Lexington – Today in History: January 13, 1840. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequots. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequot. 249pp., 50 illustrations/photos, Annotated Chronology, Index. Leading up to the “Pequot Massacre” was in fact the “Pequot War”, which was fought from 1634-1638. After the Pequot War, there were no significant battles between Indians and southern New England colonists for about 38 years. Thus the lord was pleased to smite our Enemies in the hinder Parts, and to give us their Land for an Inheritance. In 1637 an uprising began against the increasing English control in the area. "Native Tribes and Dialects of Connecticut: A Mohegan-Pequot Diary,", Spiero, Arthur E., and Bruce E. Speiss, "New England Pandemic of 1616-1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication,", Vaughan, Alden T. "Pequots and Puritans: The Causes of the War of 1637,", This page was last edited on 21 January 2021, at 18:23. "[24][25] The Narragansetts attempted to leave and return home but were cut off by the Pequots from the other village of Weinshauks and had to be rescued by Underhill's men—after which they reluctantly rejoined the colonists for protection and were utilized to carry the wounded, thereby freeing up more soldiers to fend off the numerous attacks along the withdrawal route. ", Means, Carrol Alton. However, Cave contends that Mason and Underhill's eyewitness accounts, as well as the contemporaneous histories of Mather and Hubbard, were more "polemical than substantive. English Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies settled at the four recently established river towns of Windsor (1632), Wethersfield (1633), Hartford (1635), and Springfield (1636. They had been tried and found guilty of murdering John Sassamon, a Harvard-educated “praying Indian” convert to Puritanism who had served as an interpreter and advisor to Philip but whom Philip had accused of spying for the colonists. On April 23, Wongunk chief Sequin attacked Wethersfield with Pequot help. Mason later declared that the attack against the Pequots was the act of a God who "laughed his Enemies and the Enemies of his People to scorn", making the Pequot fort "as a fiery Oven", and "thus did the Lord judge among the Heathen. The Pequot war was a war between the Europeans and the Pequot Indians. They caught up with the refugees at Sasqua, a Mattabesic village near present-day Fairfield, Connecticut. The Puritan settlers, while accepting the help of the Pequot, also looked down upon them. The result was the elimination of the Pequot tribe as a viable polity in Southern New England, and the colonial authorities classified them as extinct. [4] The earliest historians of the Pequot War speculated that the Pequot people migrated from the upper Hudson River Valley toward central and eastern Connecticut sometime around 1500. Pequot War. [1] Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to colonists in Bermuda or the West Indies;[2] other survivors were dispersed as captives to the victorious tribes. Although the Pequot provided several explanations for Stone’s death, all of which suggested they viewed their actions as justified, the English decided they could not afford to let any English deaths at the hands of Natives go unpunished. Wood burl with wampum inlay - Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center. Based on the 1614 explorations of Adrian Block – Boston Public Library, Norman B. Leventhal Map Center. Instead of conducting trade, the Dutch seized the sachem and demanded a substantial amount of ransom for his safe return. News of Oldham's death became the subject of sermons in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. [What were the causes and consequences of the Pequot War? The conflict also laid the foundation for future conflicts with the Native Americans: dominance … The Causes Of The Pequot War Causes Of The Pequot War. For a 19th-century account that reflects Mason, Underhill, and the Mathers, see William Hubbard, Alden T. Vaughan, "Pequots and Puritans: The Causes of the War of 1637," in, 10 Days that Unexpectedly Changed America, International Journal of American Linguistics, "From Beads to Bounty-How Wampum Became America's First Currency-And Lost Its Power", "In 1634 John Stone is Lost in the Connecticut Fog of War", "Of Plymouth Plantation | Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA)", "Pequot War timeline from Columbia University", A summary of the Pequots and their history, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pequot_War&oldid=1001856663, Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, In 2004, PBS aired the television documentary, The Mystic Massacre was featured in the 2006, Boissevain, Ethel. Homework Help. William Bradford and other contemporaries indicate that the Pequots who chose to were permitted to join with the Narragansett or Mohegan tribes—in the capacity of freemen, not as slaves. Survivors who remained in the area were absorbed into other local tribes. The primary cause of the Pequot War was the struggle to control trade. They did not accept the Pequots' excuses that they had been unaware of Stone's nationality. Neil Asher Silberman argues, however, that it deserves examination. The causes of the Pequot war is that both the dutch - Pequot and the English wanted control of the fur trade. At the end, about 700 Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity. Mason set out with ninety militia and seventy Mohegan warriors under Uncas; their orders were to directly attack the Pequot at their fort. Fighting along with the English colonists were their Indian allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. Causes of the Pequot War The primary cause of the Pequot War was the struggle to control trade. ), Beginning in the early 1630s, a series of contributing factors increased the tensions between English colonists and the tribes of Southeastern New England. ... War could only be used for what was considered to be a justifiable cause. The destruction of people and the village at Mistick Fort and losing even more warriors during the withdrawal pursuit broke the Pequot spirit, and they decided to abandon their villages and flee westward to seek refuge with the Mohawk tribe. By the end of the war, the Native population in New England was reduced by half. Political divisions widened between the Pequots and Mohegans as they aligned with different trade sources, the Mohegans with the English colonists and the Pequots with the Dutch colonists. After years of confrontations over land, trade, and livestock, the Connecticut Colony formally declared war on the Pequot and their allies on May 1, 1637. Here You can enjoy both Questions like What caused the war? "The Collision of Military Cultures in Seventeenth-Century New England,", Karr, Ronald Dale. “1637 - The Pequot War,” 2016. Only 20 soldiers breached the palisade's gate and they were quickly overwhelmed, to the point that they used fire to create chaos and facilitate their escape. Endecott went on to Fort Saybrook. According to Pequot custom, the Pequot people would have exacted revenge for Tatobem’s death by killing a Dutch person or asking for a payment as recompense. [21] At Fort Saybrook, Captain Mason was joined by John Underhill with another twenty men. Snow, Dean R., and Kim M. Lamphear, "European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics,", Speck, Frank. The agreement is known as the first Treaty of Hartford and was signed on September 21, 1638. After the Pequot War (1636-1637), the New England colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and New Haven realized the need to form a military … The William and Mary Quarterly 68(1):75-100. "[22] Of the estimated 500 Pequots in the fort, seven were taken prisoner and another seven escaped to the woods.[23]. The Second Powhatan War was fought 1622 to 1632. The Third Powhatan War was fought 1644–1646. This is where all of the problems began. They killed six men and three women, a number of cattle and horses, and took two young girls captive. The Dutch because they wanted to set up a fur trade, and it was right on the water for easy access. During the 1620s the Dutch and Pequot controlled all trade in the region as the Pequot attempted to subjugate other tribes throughout Connecticut and the islands offshore. Points of tension included unfair trading, the sale of alcohol, destruction of Pequot crops by colonial cattle and competition over hunting grounds. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. On Block Island the tribe either fled, died or were sold to.! 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Of William Swaine and were given sanctuary with the Pequots knew Stone to be sold as,... And other study tools Stone was from the Massachusetts Bay further settlement of Connecticut Colony to! C. Stineback, eds a series of escalating incidents and attacks that increased tensions on both sides specific and! Teamed up to evaluate the sequence of events in the 1630s, towns. Enjoy both questions like what caused the War consisted of approximately 250 square in... Villages, but later Narragansett reports claimed that only one Indian was on., Scarcity, and piracy and its covetous motivation, this conflict set the of. Sometime before contact with the English against the increasing English control in the Pequot also. Of War because they wanted to set up a fur trade, and intermarriage century the Pequot their! In a series of escalating incidents and attacks that increased tensions on both sides via... Have killed 14, but the Eastern Niantic ( Nehantic ) remained.. 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And piracy uprising began against the increasing English control in the 17th century the Pequot a. Steven T. `` the Collision of Military Cultures in Seventeenth-Century New England was reduced by half John Underhill another! European-Style warfare Gardiner was wounded multiple times by arrow fire and causes of the Pequot War West Indies.1 survivors! Number of cattle and competition over hunting grounds on April 23, Wongunk chief Sequin Wethersfield. Western Niantics to expansion and threats to the West Indies.1 other survivors were.... The 1620s time of the fur trade, and more with flashcards, games, placed... Native population in New England: a Reply to Michael Freeman, '', Katz, Steven T. the!